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Tailings Pond Monitoring and Early Warning Solution

Background Introduction

A tailings pond is a facility constructed by damming or enclosing a valley to store tailings and other industrial waste generated after mineral processing in metallic and non-metallic mines; it constitutes an artificial debris-flow hazard with high potential energy.

Once a tailings pond fails—due to dam instability, seepage‑induced failure, or overtopping by floodwaters—it can release large volumes of tailings and wastewater in an instant, inflicting catastrophic and long‑term damage on downstream residential areas, infrastructure, and the ecological environment.

In recent years, safety incidents at tailings ponds have occurred with alarming frequency, posing a severe challenge to safety oversight. Conventional methods—manual inspections and periodic measurements—suffer from low monitoring frequency, limited coverage, discontinuous data, and delayed early warnings, making it difficult to promptly detect dam deformation, changes in the phreatic line, and fluctuations in reservoir water levels.

Therefore, establishing an online safety monitoring system for tailings ponds—based on the Internet of Things, Beidou high-precision positioning, multi-sensor fusion, and big data analytics—has become an urgent necessity to prevent major safety risks and safeguard the lives and property of downstream communities. This system enables all‑weather automated monitoring and intelligent early warning for critical parameters such as dam displacement, phreatic line position, pond water level, rainfall, dry beach length, and video surveillance.

Solution Overview

This solution is a system that integrates Dam body deformation monitoring, seepage monitoring, hydrometeorological monitoring, and video surveillance An integrated online safety monitoring and early-warning system for tailings ponds.

The system deploys intelligent monitoring devices—including GNSS receivers, vibrating-wire piezometers, radar water level gauges, tipping-bucket rain gauges, flume flow meters, integrated inclinometer–crack monitors, and high-definition video cameras—across the dam body, foundation, reservoir area, and downstream critical zones, enabling real-time acquisition of multi‑parameter data such as surface displacement, internal inclination and crack deformation, phreatic line (pore water pressure), reservoir water level, seepage discharge, rainfall intensity, and on‑site imagery.

Data is transmitted via 4G/5G, LoRa, and Beidou short-message services to a cloud-based safety monitoring platform. The platform incorporates dam‑body stability analysis models, phreatic‑line prediction algorithms, and multi‑level early‑warning rules, enabling integrated data analysis, trend assessment, and risk classification.

When monitoring data exceed preset thresholds—such as a sudden increase in displacement rate, a rise in the phreatic line, or an over‑limit reservoir water level—the system automatically issues early warning notifications via SMS, platform pop-up alerts, on-site audio‑visual alarms, and wireless broadcasts. This enables real-time perception of the tailings pond’s safety status, intelligent assessment, and precise early warning, providing a scientific basis for decision-making by mining enterprises and emergency management authorities.

FEATURES OF THE SOLUTION

Multi-dimensional Monitoring of Dam Deformation

GNSS is employed to monitor both horizontal and vertical displacements of the dam’s surface (with a horizontal accuracy of ±2.5 mm + 0.5 ppm and an elevation accuracy of ±5 mm + 0.5 ppm), complemented by integrated inclinometers, crack meters, and array-type extensometers, thereby enabling comprehensive monitoring of both global and local deformation patterns of the dam.

Infiltration Line and Precise Seepage Monitoring

Vibrating‑wire piezometers (with a resolution of 0.025% of full scale and an all‑stainless‑steel construction) are used to monitor the dam’s phreatic line position and pore‑water pressure, while flow‑measuring weirs are employed to track changes in seepage discharge, enabling assessment of the dam’s seepage stability.

Real-time monitoring of reservoir water levels and rainfall amounts

Radar water level gauges (80 GHz, non-contact measurement, accuracy ±0.1% of full scale) provide real-time monitoring of reservoir water levels, while tipping-bucket rain gauges measure rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall, thereby supporting data‑driven assessments of flood‑control capacity.

Dry Beach Length Monitoring

By integrating radar or laser-based water level measurements with reservoir‑area topographic data, the dry beach length can be automatically calculated, the flood‑control capacity of the tailings pond can be assessed, and overtopping risks can be promptly flagged.

Video Surveillance and Intelligent Analytics

High-definition video cameras provide real-time monitoring of the dam structure, flood‑discharge facilities, and downstream sensitive areas, supporting AI‑based area intrusion detection and snapshot capture of abnormal events to facilitate remote inspections and emergency command.

Multi-level Early Warning and Coordinated Alarm System

The platform supports customizable multi-parameter, multi-level early‑warning thresholds for variables such as deformation rate, seepage‑line burial depth, reservoir water level, and rainfall intensity. When thresholds are exceeded, alerts are issued through multiple channels—including SMS messages, the platform itself, audible and visual alarms, and wireless broadcasts—enabling rapid coordinated response between upstream monitoring and downstream warning systems.

Local Communication and Low-Power Deployment

Supports hybrid communication modes including 4G, LoRa, and Beidou short-message services, enabling operation in remote areas with no cellular coverage. The monitoring terminal features a low-power design and can be powered by solar energy, ensuring long-term, stable performance.

System product

Mine Environmental Monitoring: Rainfall gauge, wind speed and direction sensor, air temperature and humidity meter, residual chlorine sensor, conductivity sensor, pH sensor, video monitor, and others.

Mine Geological Safety Monitoring: Inclinometers, GNSS, crack meters, inclinometer cables, piezometers, pore water pressure transducers, earth pressure cells, mud level sensors, and others.

Mining Area Safety Monitoring: Collapse detectors, methane sensors, carbon monoxide sensors, vibration sensors, and others

Mine Slope Safety Monitoring Solution

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Mine Slope Safety Monitoring Solution

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Geodetic GNSS receiver

The geodetic GNSS receiver is a versatile deformation‑monitoring device that integrates a high‑precision GNSS module with MEMS sensors. It supports multi‑system, multi‑frequency signal reception, including BeiDou‑3, GPS, and GLONASS, and delivers millimeter‑level static monitoring as well as centimeter‑level dynamic monitoring. Equipped with an advanced intelligent fusion algorithm, the device combines satellite positioning data with inertial sensor information to enable continuous, reliable displacement monitoring in complex environments. It is widely applicable to geological hazard and engineering safety monitoring scenarios, such as landslides, subsidence, and mining‑area deformations.

Radar water level gauge

Radar water level gauges are developed based on millimeter-wave radar and designed for measuring water levels. By recording the time it takes for a pulse wave to travel and multiplying it by the speed of electromagnetic waves, the gauge measures the distance between the liquid surface and the radar antenna, thereby indicating changes in water level. This device is a compact, all‑weather, 24/7 sensor that offers high integration, a small footprint, and easy installation.

Integrated Soil Moisture Monitor

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Rainfall monitor

The rainfall monitor is a fully automatic rain‑gauge device featuring a dual‑bucket mechanical design, offering 0.2 mm resolution and ±2% measurement accuracy, and capable of stable operation under extreme temperature and vibration conditions. The instrument integrates rainfall sensing, data storage, and wireless transmission functions, supporting real-time calculation of rainfall intensity and cumulative rainfall totals. It is widely used in meteorology, hydrology, geological hazard monitoring, and urban flood‑control surveillance.

Integrated Tilt (Collapse) Monitor

The integrated tilt (collapse) monitoring device is an intelligent monitoring system that combines high‑precision sensing, wireless transmission, and a robust protection rating. It employs triaxial MEMS tilt and vibration‑acceleration sensors to continuously acquire real‑time data on structural tilt angles and acceleration, which are then transmitted via 4G, LoRa, or other methods to a cloud platform. This device is ideally suited for long‑term safety monitoring of slopes, bridges, transmission towers, and similar structures. Featuring low power consumption, extended battery life, and strong anti‑interference capabilities, it provides reliable data to support structural health assessments and disaster early warning.

Integrated Crack Monitor

The Integrated Crack Monitor is an intelligent monitoring terminal that leverages cable‑pull displacement sensing and multi‑parameter fusion technology, specifically designed for monitoring surface deformations such as slope cracks and retaining wall fissures. The device incorporates a high‑precision displacement sensor and a triaxial accelerometer/tilt sensor, enabling real-time monitoring of crack width changes, wall vibrations, and tilt angles, while supporting remote data transmission and alarm notifications via LoRa or 4G networks. With a robust structure and straightforward installation, it is well suited for long‑term automated monitoring in harsh outdoor environments.

Debris Flow Line-Disconnection Monitor

The debris‑flow line‑break monitoring device is an intelligent monitoring and early‑warning system specifically designed for geological hazard prevention in mountainous valleys during flood season. It focuses on real-time sensing and timely reporting of sudden geological hazards such as debris flows and flash floods caused by torrential runoff. The device integrates high‑precision cable‑strain sensors, data acquisition, and wireless transmission modules, featuring a highly compact and modular design that adapts to complex field conditions. Typically deployed at both ends of debris‑flow‑prone gullies, it employs a physics‑based triggering mechanism to accurately detect the impact and destructive signals generated by debris flows and floodwaters carrying sediment and rocks. This enables second‑level hazard detection, instant data upload, and remote alarm notification, buying valuable time for preemptive evacuation and emergency response.

Array-type displacement sensor

The array-type displacement meter is a flexible, series‑connected three‑dimensional inclinometer array composed of multiple measurement units. It is ideally suited for monitoring three‑dimensional spatial deformations, such as deep‑buried displacements, tunnel convergence, and excavation pit deformation. The device employs high‑precision MEMS sensors and a flexible circuit design, enabling it to bend freely with structural deformation while providing real‑time outputs of displacement, tilt angle, and vibration data. It also features trigger‑based data acquisition and a low‑power sleep mode, making it well suited for long‑term, concealed‑installation monitoring and automated safety‑alert systems.

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Tailings Pond Monitoring and Early Warning Solution

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